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Effect of the music-therapy under spinal anesthesia
BACKGROUND: Since no pre-medication has been widely accepted especially in spinal anesthesia, anesthesiologists should manage the control of patient's anxiety during surgery. Instead of sedatives, we have been using music-therapy during spinal anesthesia. Bispectral index monitoring (BIS) is used as one of the sedation indices in spinal anesthesia. The aim of this study was to assess the music-therapy on reducing anxiety of patients under spinal anesthesia using BIS and interview type psychology test, State Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI). METHODS: Fifty-eight ASA physical status I-II patients scheduled for spinal anesthesia, were randomly allocated into M group (music group, n=29) or C group (control, n=29). BIS, EMG, and SQI of both groups were obtained continuously with computer system. Patients in M group listened to music by head phone and those in C group were left free under ordinary operating theater environment. Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI-TA) score was obtained preoperatively for property-based anxiety and the State Anxiety Inventory (STAI-SA) score was obtained postoperatively for condition-based anxiety. Time averaged BIS scores (pre-surgery, during-surgery and post-surgery period)were obtained during operation. RESULTS: Time averaged BIS values of M and C group in pre-surgery period, during-surgery period, and post-surgery period were 95.3+/-0.4 vs 95.8+/-0.4 (NS), 87.6+/-7.5 vs 95.1+/-2.8 (P<0.01) and 96.0+/-0.4 vs. 96.2+/-0.4 (NS), respectively. Post-surgery STAI-SA was 29.7+/-7.2 in M group vs 38.8+/-10.3 in C group (P<0.01) while pre-surgery STAI-SA scores of both groups were not different. CONCLUSIONS: Music-therapy reduced BIS value and was effective to reduce patient's anxiety during spinal anesthesia.
Masui. 2009 Jun;58(6):684-91. Maeyama A, Kodaka M, Miyao H. Department of Anesthesiology, Saitama Medical Center Saitama Medical University, Kawagoe.
The concept of hypnosis is one that involves many misconceptions and incorrect definitions. Some tried to define hypnosis based upon a variety of results that may be observed. For instance, a hypnotic subject may experience mental and physical manifestations that are somewhat different than normal. Heightened awareness, which is also called a trance state, frequently happens when a person undergoes what would be considered some form of hypnotic ritual. The existence of a trance state is central to the definition used by many hypnotherapeutic associations and the American Psychological...
What happens when someone is experiencing an anxiety? Normally, we associate such an occurrence with distinct reactions in the body. Some people feel like their anxiety must be a heart attack. They find that their pulse increases. They feel a tightness in their chest. Their hands and feet may suddenly go numb. Yes, it may just feel like a heart attack is occurring. Even though it is not, still they are experiencing a miserable situation.
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Much has been said about the desire to change. Indeed, this is the topic of many self-help experts, personal coaches, and even professional counselors, psychologists, and other psychotherapists. However, little is ever said about why a person would want to transform.
The first thing that I notice is that there is a universal desire for happiness. While many people will never be content – even if their situation is the envy of many others – generally when a person has something that is causing a high level of dissatisfaction in their life, then they develop an urge to become...
